Synthesis of nanosilver, organophosphate (C10H19O6PS2), and carbamate (CO2NH3) for anopheles larva control in malaria endemic area on Covid-19 pandemic

Malaria is a national and global scale problem on Covid pandemic, with number of cases 516,272 (2020) in Indonesia and 7.9 million in Asia. Resistance use of insecticides, increase doses that harm non-target organisms. This research aims to determine LC90 in toxicity test of synthesis Nanosilver, Carbamate, and Organophosphate. It uses controlled post-treatment design, with total samples of 40 of treatment of Anopheles larvae in malaria endemic areas. LC90 calculation based on estimates and plotting the observed data with the y = ax + b formula. LC90 in synthesis of Nanosilver nitrate and Organophosphate is (0.5 mg/lt + 0.87mg/lt mg). LC90 in synthesis of Nanosilver nitrate and Organophosphate Carbamate are (0.5 mg/lt + 2.235 mg/lt). The absorption of silver nanoparticle into the body of larva Anopheles sp. occurs through the spiracles. Synthesis of Nanosilver and Organophosphate is more effective than Carbamate due to the nature of the Organophosphate and Carbamate materials which influenced by the size of the compounds. Synthesis Nanosilver nitrate (Ag2NO3) has LC90, 0.5 mg/lt + 0.87 mg/lt, which is effective for controlling larva of Anopheles sp. and eco-friendly material as it is better than Carbamate. © 2023 Author(s).

Effect of the number of transportation modes and industrial closure with air quality on large-scale social restriction during Covid-19 pandemic in Jakarta

Covid-19 has spread across the world. To overcome this, the Government of Indonesia implemented a Large-Scale Social Restriction (in Indonesia, it is called PSBB) in several areas, including Jakarta. The research aims to analyze the number of transportation modes and industrial closures on air quality (CO, NO2, SO2, O3, and PM10) during PSBB using descriptive-analytic methods. Our research uses secondary data obtained online from Jakarta's Environmental Services, Transportation Services, and Manpower Services. The analysis used in our study is Mann Whitney and Rank Spearman tests. Overall, the number of transportation modes have more impact than industrial closure. PSBB has impact on reducing CO levels 72,4%, NO2 (78%), and SO2 (0,35%). Coefficient correlation number of modes transportation with CO (R = 0,259;p < 0,001), NO2 (R = 0,384;p < 0,0001), SO2 (R = 0,372;p < 0,0001), industrial closure with SO2 (R = -0,364;p < 0,006). Most motorized vehicles Band industries use fossil fuels. Vehicle and industrial restrictions reduce the use of fossil fuels. Emission reduction will affect air quality. Restriction on the number of industries and vehicles at the time the PSBB significantly reduces exhaust emissions. © 2023 Author(s).